HEBREW & ARAMAIC LANGUAGES:
INSTRUCTION & LITERATURE
Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Culturally, it is considered the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Jews were only part of the whole Hebrew/Canaanian sprachraum. Hebrew in its modern form is spoken by most of the seven million people in Israel while Classical Hebrew has been used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world for over two thousand years. It is one of the official languages of Israel, along with Arabic.
Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Palestinian Arabic is their vernacular, though today about 700 Samaritans remain. As a foreign language it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, archaeologists and linguists specializing in the Middle East and its civilizations, by theologians, and in Christian seminaries.
The core of the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in Classical Hebrew, and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of Biblical Hebrew that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BC, around the time of the Babylonian exile. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon HaKodesh "The Holy Language", since ancient times.
Aramaic was used by the conquering Assyrians as a language of administration communication, and following them by the Babylonian and Persian empires, which ruled from India to Ethiopia, and employed Aramaic as the official language. For this period, then (about 700–320 B.C.E.), Aramaic held a position similar to that occupied by English today. The most important documents of this period are numerous papyri from Egypt and Palestine.
Aramaic displaced Hebrew for many purposes among the Jews, a fact reflected in the Bible, where portions of Ezra and Daniel are in Aramaic. Some of the best known stories in biblical literature, including that of Belshazzar’s feast with the famous "handwriting on the wall" are in Aramaic.
Aramaic remained a dominant language for Jewish worship, scholarship, and everyday life for centuries in both the land of Israel and in the diaspora, especially in Babylon.
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the remains of the library of a Jewish sect from around the turn of the Era, are many compositions in Aramaic. These new texts also provide the best evidence for Palestinian Aramaic of the sort used by Jesus and his disciples.
Since the Jews spoke Aramaic, and knowledge of Hebrew was no longer widespread, the practice arose in the synagogue of providing the reading of the sacred Hebrew scriptures with an Aramaic translation or paraphrase, a "Targum" In the course of time a whole array of targums for the Law and other parts of the Bible were composed. More than translations, they incorporated much of traditional Jewish scriptural interpretation.
In their academies the rabbis and their disciples transmitted, commented, and debated Jewish law; the records of their deliberations constitute the two talmuds: that of the land of Israel and the much larger Babylonian Talmud. Although the talmuds contain much material in Hebrew, the basic language of these vast compilations is Aramaic (in Western and Eastern dialects).
Although Jesus spoke Aramaic, the Gospels are in Greek, and only rarely quote actual Aramaic words. Reconstruction of the Aramaic background of the Gospels remains a fascinating, but inordinately difficult area of modern research.
This DVD-ROM is a collection of instructional works intended for Biblical scholars and scholars of ancient languages. This disk is packaged in a windowed paper envelope. It is divided into two sections:
THE HEBREW & ARAMAIC LANGUAGES
Genesius' Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon (23 volumes) 100 most frequent hebrew tokens.csv A class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and targums - Brown, Charles Ruf.pdf A compendious Hebrew grammar - M. H. Bresslau.pdf A complete Hebrew & English critical & pronouncing dictionary.pdf A first Hebrew reader - Cameron, Duncan.pdf A glossary of the Aramaic inscriptions - Cook, Stanley Arthur.pdf A grammar of Aramaic in the Babylonian Talmud referenced to Gaonic literature - Levias, Caspar.pdf A grammar of the Hebrew language - Hurwitz, Hyman.pdf A Handbook to Old Testament Hebrew - Samuel Gosnell Green.pdf A Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament.pdf A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testame.pdf A Hebrew chrestomathy - first volume of a course of Hebrew study.pdf A Hebrew grammar compiled from some of the best authorities - Willard, Sidney, 1780-1856.pdf A Hebrew grammar for beginners - Wilson, Robert Dic.pdf A Hebrew grammar with exercises selected from the Bible - Ballin, Ada S.pdf A Hebrew primer_ adapted to the Merchant Taylors' Hebrew Grammar - Ball, C. J..pdf A Hebrew, Latin, and English Dictionary - Joseph Samuel Christian Frederick Frey.pdf A manual Hebrew grammar for the use of beginners - Seixas, James.pdf A primer of Hebrew - Fagnani, Charles Prospero.pdf A primer of Hebrew antiquities - Whitehouse, Owen C. (Owen Charles), 1849-1916.pdf A short account of the Hebrew tenses - Kennett, Robert Hatch, 1864-1932.pdf A Syntax of Biblical Hebrew.pdf A vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian - Smith, E.pdf An Aramaic method. A class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and targums -.pdf An easy introduction to the knowledge of the Hebrew language - Wilson, James Patriot, 1769-1830..pdf An elementary Hebrew grammar - Willis, Arthur.pdf Aramaic Language of the Babylonian Talmud - Margolis.pdf Aramaic papyri of the fifth century B.C. - Ahikar.pdf dirlist.cmd English-Hebrew dictionary - Waldstein, A. S..pdf Ewald's Introductory Hebrew Grammar.pdf Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1856).pdf Hebrew & Aramaic Vocabulary.pdf Hebrew & English lexicon of the OT & Aramaic appendix - Brown, Francis.pdf Hebrew Basic Course - FSI Student Text.pdf Hebrew characters derived from hieroglyphics - Lamb, John, 1789-1850.pdf Hebrew grammar - Meyrowitz, Alexander.pdf Hebrew Grammar with a Copious Syntax and a Praxis - Moses Stuart.pdf Hebrew grammar with reading book, exercises, literature and vocabularies - Strack, Hermann Leberecht, 1848-1922.pdf Hebrew Grammar, with Exercises - M. M. Kalisch.pdf Hebrew incunabula - Marx, Alexander.pdf Hebrew Letters - A Workbook.pdf Hebrew lexicon and grammar - Parkhurst, John.pdf Hebrew Orthography.pdf Hebrew Phonology.pdf Hebrew vocabularies - Harper, William Rainey.pdf Hebrew, Ancient Orthography.pdf Hebrew.pdf Hebrew-Babylonian Affinities - George Margoliouth.pdf Introduction to Hebrew grammar - Alexander McCaul.pdf Introductory Hebrew grammar - Hebrew syntax - Davidson, A. B.pdf Introductory Hebrew method and manual - Harper, William Rainey.pdf James M. Lindenberger - Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters (2003).pdf Kennicott, Benjamin - A method of reading Hebrew.pdf Manual of Hebrew grammar - Wijnkoop, Josephus David.pdf Manual of Hebrew syntax - Wijnkoop, Josephus David.pdf Materials for Hebrew composition - Canney, Maurice A..pdf Mefales nativ. Hebrew reader and grammar with exercises for translation - Mannheimer, Sigmund, 1835-1909.pdf Notes on post-Talmudic-Aramaic lexicography - Epstein, J. N..pdf Outlines of Hebrew Grammar - Gustav Bickell.pdf plural in Hebrew language.docx plural in Hebrew language_vbr_mp3.zip Robertson's Compendious Hebrew dictionary - Robertson, William, d. 1686.pdf Science & Hebrew Tradition - Thomas Henry Huxley.pdf Spoken Hebrew - a manual of Hebrew conversations - Persky, Daniel.pdf Student's Hebrew lexicon - Benjamin Davies.pdf Studies in Hebrew proper names - Gray, George Buchanan.pdf Studies in Hebrew Synonyms - B.D. James Kennedy.pdf study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums (Volume 1) - Brown, Charles Rufus.pdf study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums (Volume 2) - Brown, Charles Rufus.pdf Syntax of the sentences in Isaiah, 40-66 - B rta, Alois, 1874.pdf Syntax of the sentences in Isaiah, 40-66 .. - B rta, Alois, 1874.pdf T. Muraoka & B. Porten - A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic (1998).pdf Talmud Laon Ibri. (Hebrew Grammar) - Ben-Z'bh, Judah Loeb, 1764-1811.pdf The Elements of Hebrew - Enoch Spradling Price.pdf The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament - George V. Wigram.pdf The First Hebrew book - Arnold, Thomas Kerchever.pdf The Hebraist's Vade mecum - a first attempt at a complete verbal index to the contents of the Heb.pdf The Hebrew Language Viewed in the Light of Assyrian Research - Friedrich Delitzsch.pdf The Hebrew particle 'asher' - Gaenssle, Carl.pdf The Hebrew student (Volume 1) - Harper, William Rainey.pdf The Hebrew student (Volume 2) - Harper, William Rainey.pdf The Hebrew text of the book of Ecclesiasticus (Volume 1) - L‚vi, Israel.pdf The mastery series - Hebrew - Prendergast, Thomas.pdf The Semitic permansive-perfect - Davidson, Richard.pdf The use of 'ruah' in the Old Testament and of 'pneuma' in the New Testament - Schoemaker, William.pdf The verb and the sentence in Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah - Corwin, Rebecca.pdf The weak and geminative verbs in Hebrew - ayyuj, Judah ben David, ca. 945-ca. 1000.pdf
HEBREW & ARAMAIC LITERATURE
01 - Book of Matthew (New Testament) - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 02 - Book of Marc (New Testament) - in Hebrew - 1898.pdf 03 - Section 3 - Book of Luke and more (New Testament) - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 04 - Section 4 - Jewish Hebrew (New Testament) - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 05 - Section 5 - Jewish Hebrew (New Testament) - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 06 - Section 6 - Jewish Hebrew (New Testament) - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 07 - Section 7 - Jewish Hebrew (New Testament) - I Peter to Revelation - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 08 - Section 8 - Jewish Hebrew (New Testament) - I Peter to Revelation - Hebrew Hebreu Hebraic - 1898.pdf 24 year Hebrew - English calendar 5678-5701 - H.J. Heinz Company.pdf 24 year Hebrew - English calendar 5685-5709 - H.J. Heinz Company.pdf 3 Enoch [microform] ; or, The Hebrew book of Enoch - Bodleian Library. MSS.(Opp.556).pdf A new translation of the Hebrew prophets (Volume 1) - Noyes, George Rapall, 1798-1868.pdf A new translation of the Hebrew prophets (Volume 2) - Noyes, George Rapall, 1798-1868.pdf A new translation of the Hebrew prophets (Volume 3) - Noyes, George Rapall, 1798-1868.pdf Ancient Hebrew literature (Volume 1).pdf Ancient Hebrew literature (Volume 2).pdf Ancient Hebrew literature (Volume 3).pdf Ancient Hebrew literature (Volume 4).pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 00 - Prologue.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 01 - Bereshit A.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 02 - Bereshit B.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 03 - Noach.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 04 - Lech Lecha.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 05 - Vaera.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 06 - Chayei Sara.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 07 - Toldot.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 08 - Vayetze.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 09 - Vayishlach.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 10 - Vayeshev.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 11 - Miketz.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 12 - Vayigash.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 13 - Vayechi.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 14 - Shemot.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 15 - Vaera.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 16 - Bo.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 17 - Beshalach.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 18 - Yitro.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 19 - Mishpatim.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 20 - Trumah.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 21 - Safra de tsniuta.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 22 - Tetsaveh.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 23 - Ki Tissa.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 24 - Vayakhel.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 25 - Pekudei.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 26 - Vayikra.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 27 - Tsav.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 28 - Shmini.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 29 - Tazria.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 30 - Metzora.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 31 - Acharei mot.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 32 - Kedoshim.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 33 - Emor.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 34 - Behar.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 35 - Bechukotai.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 36 - Bamidbar.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 37 - Naso - idra raba.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 38 - Bahalotcha.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 39 - Shlach Lecha.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 40 - Korach.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 41 - Chukat.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 42 - Balak.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 43 - Pinchas.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 44 - Matot.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 45 - Vaetchanan.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 46 - Ekev.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 47 - Shoftim.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 48- Ki Tetze.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 49 - Vayelech.pdf Aramaic-English Zohar - 50 - Haazinu.pdf Book of Psalms - critical edition of the Hebrew in colors - Julius Wellhausen , John Dyneley Prin.pdf Hebrew literature; comprising Talmudic treatises, Hebrew melodies and the Kabbalah unveiled - Barclay, Joseph, 1831-1881.pdf Hebrew, Ancient Genesis Translation.pdf Introduction to the Masoretico-critical edition of the Hebrew Bible 01.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 01 - Genesis.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 02 not published.txt Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 03 - Leviticus.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 04 - Numbers.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 05 not published.txt Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 06 - Joshua.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 07 - Judges.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 08 - Judges.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 09 - Kings.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 10 missing.txt Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 11 - Jerimiah.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 12 - Ezekiel.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 13 not published.txt Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 14 - Psalms.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 15 - Proverbs.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 16 not published.txt Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 17 - Job.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 18 - Daniel.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 19 - Ezra & Nehimial.pdf Old Testament Hebrew text printed in colors vol 20 - Chronicles.pdf Students' Hebrew and Chaldee dictionary to the Old Testament - Harkavy, Alexander, 1863-1939.pdf The Psalms in Hebrew; with a comm. by G. Phillips - Psalms.pdf The text of Jeremiah, A critical investigation of the Greek and Hebrew - Workman, George Coulson, 1848-1936.pdf
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